Mungello, the Great Encounter or China and the West

The Great Encounter of China and the West 1500-1800 The Chinese and European cultures came together for the first time in the fifteenth century when great Chinese fleets traveled throughout the Indian Ocean and along the coast of Africa. These voyages created much concern for China. They lead to a period of isolation for security reasons. By the time the first Europeans arrived in China there was little to no evidence of these voyages. (Mungello 2005) Fallowing that time the Chinese government proceeded with a policy of containment to the trade merchants and missionaries that would visit them in the coming centuries. This paper will server an explanation to why China and Europe at first embraced each other then rejected each others†¦show more content†¦The Chinese were more orientated to a communitarian philosophy provided by the literali teaching. For the Chinese that would ask the question there was Buddhism. The Chinese also feared the missionaries would seduce their women. It was rare but these fears were founded on fact. Mungello gives us one such example in Bernardo Maria Bevilacqua, O.F.M. Bevilacqua appears to have cracked under the stress of such living conditions and began taking advantage of his priestly authority to seduce several young Catholic women. Some of these young women were virgins and others were recently married. (p. 52-53) These young women would come to Bevilacqua seeking aid with menstrual irregularities and fears of not being able to conceive. Bevilacqua would claim to have the cure and violate them sexually. One such fourteen year old girl attempted to hang herself. (Mungello 2005) Another missionary were caught in prostitution. Word of this spread causing fear that missionaries were out to get Chinese women. Another reason for the rejection of Christianity by the Chinese was what the Chinese saw as subversive activity. The Chinese saw Christianity as forced changed to their lifestyle. Chinese men would take on a concubine. This individual was not treated as you would think a sex slave would be treated. They actually became an accepted member of the family. And Mungello suggested that it may have been more of a mean to reproduction than sexual gratification. ChineseShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of Western Power: When China Ruled the Sea Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence (Marks 34). However, by the fifteenth century, China held considerable economic and military power, leading the world in size, population, agriculture, and commerce (Mungello 1). China also excelled in technology, military strength, learning, and the fine arts (Mungello 2). Leading China through its glory days was the Ming Dynasty which endured more than 250 years until its decline in 1644 (Dardess 1). Before the Ming dynasty, China had become little more than a portion of the Mongol Empire

Financial Information Analysis - 8295 Words

Module 1 Framework for Analysis and Valuation QUESTIONS Q1-1. Organizations undertake planning activities that shape three major activities: financing, investing, and operating. Financing is the means a company uses to pay for resources. Investing refers to the buying and selling of resources necessary to carry out the organization’s plans. Operating activities are the actual carrying out of these plans. Planning is the glue that connects these activities, including the organization’s ideas, goals and strategies. Financial accounting information provides valuable input into the planning process, and, subsequently, reports on the results of plans so that corrective action can be taken, if necessary. Q1-2. An organization’s†¦show more content†¦There is also the possibility that their employers and/or customers might be harmed if certain information is not kept confidential. Q1-10.A Procter Gamble’s independent auditor is Deloitte Touche LLP. The auditor expressly states that â€Å"our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.† The auditor also states that â€Å"these financial statements are the responsibility of the company’s management.† Thus, the auditor does not assume responsibility for the financial statements. Q1-11.B While firms acknowledge the increasing need for more complete disclosure of financial and nonfinancial information, they have resisted these demands to protect their competitive position. Corporate executives must weigh the benefits they receive from the financial markets as a result of more transparent and revealing financial reporting against the costs of divulging proprietary information to competitors and others. Q1-12.B Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the various methods, rules, practices, and other procedures that have evolved over time in response to the need to regulate the preparation of financial statements. 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Chicago Gangs and History Free Essays

This paper deals with gang violence in the city of Chicago since the beginning of time. It takes a deep look into the history of Chicago gangs and how they interact today. Also the past problems the City of Chicago made when dealing with gangs and the problems that gangs today have and how Chicago has the worst gang problem in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Chicago Gangs and History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also how gangs have turned themselves into big, and lucrative enterprises most known for money. Also stated are possible solutions to stop or reduce violence of the gangs that all start off with teaching the young kids about gangs and gang prevention. Chicago Gangs, Then and Now with Solutions Jimi Hendrix once said â€Å"Every city in the world always has a gang, a street gang, or the so- called outcasts. † Every city deals with gangs but some cities are worse off than others. Chicago is infamous for gang violence and problems dealing with gangs. For some getting to school in the Chicago land area can even be a matter of life and death because of the gangs and their violent ways (Belluck, 2000). Throughout history gang violence infested the city of Chicago, and it continues to create problems today; hopefully solutions planned by the city can stop the violence. Race shaped Chicago gang history. â€Å"African Americans were crowded into to the south side ‘Black Belt’† (A brief outline of Chicago’s gang history, para 2). As the First World War ended, blacks came back to Chicago and fights broke out to find jobs. The Democratic Party led by Mayor Richard J. Daley decided to keep segregating the city (Brief outline). The blacks were separated by an expressway and an 18 story housing project. Separating races caused violence to sky rocket. The segregated areas proved more nationalistic for their area and defended it to the core. Gang leaders were constantly thrown into jail so they had to find ways to keep a lucrative business. The Chicago Police Department declared war on gangs in the 1960’s and the prisons soon became overpopulated (Brief outline). Gangs reorganized and many combined their gangs into one bigger enterprise. Gangs were mostly run from prisons during the 1970’s and on (Brief outline); therefore one could not escape the gangs. Gangs shaped Chicago early on. Gentrification is displacing gangs and causing turf wars. Gentrification and the tearing down of public housing in Chicago left many gangs homeless (Brief outline). Due to this, gangs battle over land and housing, known as turf wars. The violence rises, along with the number of deaths. Therefore police attempt to limit the gangs, but that also leads to fighting and violence with police. The whole cycle involves violence and is vicious. Chicago has the biggest gang problem in the country (Thomas Bass, 2009). â€Å"There are more gang members per citizen in Chicago than anywhere else in the country† (Thomas, 2009, para 4). The average Chicago gang leader is 43, convicted of murder and lives in the suburbs. That leader on many occasions directs his gang from jail (Main, 2006) and 95 percent of inmates in the Cook County Jail are gang members (Thomas, 2009). Gangs are everywhere today just like they use to be. The high number of gangs causes violence and deaths to rise in Chicago. â€Å"Gangs have morphed from social organizations into full-fledged criminal enterprises† (Thomas, 2009, para 5). Gangs are highly sophisticated and more dangerous then ever. The number one reason to join a gang is money; and 95 percent of gangs profit comes from drug dealing (Thomas, 2009). Gangs do not worry about others and civilians, but rather money and their respective gang. Dealing with gangs is very dangerous. Even coming into contact with gangs can be dangerous. There are a wide variety of ethnicities and groups of gangs. â€Å"Gangs can not be attributed to one ethnic or cultural group† (Decker, 2009, pg 404). The high number of gangs again leads to turf wars because of a need for land and housing. Due to all of this violence police can not stop gangs alone; people must contribute to the effort (Thomas, 2009). Gangs can not be stopped but reducing the violence can be done. It will require Chicagoans participation and officers doing their job but it will make gangs less apparent in the city. Gang prevention must start with kids. The young people must be taught about gangs and the consequences of them since they are the future. They need to be taught the right way so they will not become involved with gangs and eventually gangs will die out. Schools should offer after school and summer jobs programs in order to get kids off the street after school and learning. Schools also should teach about gangs and offer drug prevention programs (Main, 2006). Kids are the key to stopping gangs and if taught correctly it can happen. Going after leaders of gangs is beneficial. Superintendent Jody Weis put in an ordinance saying, â€Å"That if gangs resort to violence, police will go after their leaders (Tarm, 2010). Gang leaders will be held accountable for all the actions of their members. It is likely that a leader might become infuriated after going to jail so many times for actions of his gang members that he might leave the gang. If this happens a couple of times the gang might diminish or vanish completely. This is one possible way to stop gangs. Controlling â€Å"hot spots† is key in stopping gangs. An ordinance was passed saying that police can arrest suspected members of a gang if they don’t leave and area an officer tells them to (Belluck, 2000). A similar ordinance was passed that allows officers to tell people to remove themselves from an area and to stay eye distance away (Johnson, 2000). This again allows officers to watch â€Å"hot spots† and can destroy gangs business in an area causing them to lose money. It also allows gang members to keep being jailed and off of the streets for a period of time so they can not commit crimes or violence. This will limit gang’s enterprises. Gang violence infests the city of Chicago but solutions can stop the violence. Chicago has the worst gang problem in the country but with the help of police and members of society it can be lowered. Kids must be taught from a young age about gangs and ordinances that make it hard for gangs to conduct business must be passed. Gangs can be stopped but it is no easy task. Chicagoans will have to work very hard but gangs can become lesser of a problem or maybe even obsolete one day. How to cite Chicago Gangs and History, Essay examples

Criticism at Workplace Essay Example For Students

Criticism at Workplace Essay Part I What is the problem? Communication problems often highlighted to be the issues at workplace. Criticism is one of the communication problems which are common at workplace. Criticism exists because everybody has something to say in their own opinion relating another person’s. What is criticism? Criticism is the judgements of the merits and faults of the actions or work of another individual. Criticism can mean merely to evaluate without necessarily finding fault. However, usually the word implies the expression of disapproval. Most of people might have experienced being criticized by colleagues, boss, and customers whom we have to deal with every single day at workplace. No one likes to receive criticism and most of us do not like to give it either. But in the workplace endeavors demand feedback and evaluation. Today’s workplace often involves team projects. Thus, as a team member, we will be called to judge the work of others and also others will judge us as well. The evaluations mainly in terms of how we doing on a project, what went well, what failed and how can we improve our efforts. Whereas a leader or supervisors, it is important to evaluate subordinates. This is because good employees always seek positive feedback from their supervisors. In addition, detailed observations about their work is need timely to reinforced what they do well and help them to overcome weak spots. However, making a feedback or receiving a criticism is not easy because it might lead to insults. Therefore, we find this topic of ‘How to Handle Criticism at Workplace’ very interesting to conduct a research on it. We have conducted a formal research on the said topic to find all the relevance information through web and book. Following part will be a discussion based on our findings. Part II What I discovered? Types of Criticism From our findings, there are five types of criticism, they are Constructive Criticism, Destructive Criticism, Misleading Criticism, Absence of Criticism and Requested Criticism. Constructive comments reinforce good behavior or motivate us to make positive changes. Constructive criticism sometimes called feedback or justified criticism. It is the criticism given to us to improve our performance. It does not usually just call out on something that is wrong or perceived to be wrong, it actually gives some idea of what to do in order to correct it. Justified criticisms are often spoken strongly, but fairly and with a reasonable tone. For example, Comedian Milton Berle was dining with his wife when a waiter put too much pepper on her salad. Mrs. Berle tasted it and offered a constructive criticism Needs more salad. Destructive Criticism is a negative criticism that is unjustified when it results from the wrong motive. Psychologist and author Henry C. Link says, If you wish to make enemies, tell people simply, You are wrong. This method works every time. If they cannot explain why youre wrong, their motive is likely destructive, not constructive. Destructive criticism is sometimes referring to as unjustified criticism or insults. Destructive criticism is any criticism which only serves to attack the character of a person or the quality of their work. It’s usually given with a hateful tone and is petty and unhelpful. Next is Misleading Criticism which results from errors or lack of knowledge. For instance, Stanley Marcus, chairman emeritus of the Neiman Marcus stores, is concerned about misleading, inflated compliments. We frequently hear something described as terrific when its merely OK; or fabulous when it is just good. Unsophisticated audiences are likely to react to artistic performances in one of two ways. One is to sit on their hands and not applaud because they dont know what is good or bad. The other is to over-respond by reacting to a symphony in the same manner as a football crowd does to a forty-yard pass. Both reactions reflect a lack of knowledge which is not necessarily the fault of the members of the audience. Absence of Criticism may sound appealing, but it often signals a lack of concern by those around us or an absence of leadership. For examples, a Gallup Poll published in First Break all the Rules found the most profitable companies are those where employees receive praise or criticism once a week. Meaning to say that silence leads to slippage, not success. Requested Criticism exist when the person who holds an attitude of Im perfect or an organization with employees who feel we dont need to change, are destined to fail. Other example is Eye on Excellence trainer Steve Phillips always closes his workshops with a request: If you dont rate me as outstanding, tell me why. Causes and Effects of Criticism Criticisms exist when there is lack of trust. Trust is important as competence. The employees tend to criticize their boss when they have been given over-promise to rise up salary or bonus if higher-up performance. This situation always take place at workplace whereby some employees will take time to talk about their dissatisfactions to other colleagues when their boss break their trust by not fulfill the given promise. In contrast, another situation exists when boss lose trust on his or her subordinates who are under-perform in completing the given task. Here, the boss tends to criticize the subordinates by giving negative or destructive comments or judgements which will underestimate the person’s ability or talent in performing the job task. In addition, when the boss reacts negatively or insults the related person, the colleagues who seeing the changes will start to criticize or gossip the news. The juicier the story, the more exciting it becomes which will spread as grapevine at workplace. Next, jealousy is one of the reasons of criticism. For instance, when we, as the employee are good in something, critics by other colleagues appear with the intentions that want us to fail. When the jealousy level is high, more rumors will be spread. Some will tend to overtake our customers as well by talking bad about us and when the customers believe on it, they will no longer in line with the services. Fear also brings criticism because a person can be defined by their fears. Fear of the unknown will bring out crowds of critics, especially when it comes to Activity Based Management, e. g. Whats going to happen to the people who perform non-value activities? † Moreover, it is human nature to criticize and it is instinctive for people to focus on the negative instead of the positive. Criticism also exists because people will often attack things they dont like, not things that are wrong. One of the things people don not like is change. This can be a big issue at workplace when subordinates do not agree on the changes made by higher management or supervisor. They can spread up bad rumors about the company’s management to other colleagues and the news also can reach to customer’s ears as well. When the environment at workplace is in poor condition, obviously this will affect company’s establishment as the employees will react negatively upon the dissatisfaction and ignores their duties and obligations. This ignorance unknowingly can lead the customers to stop being loyal due to the bad impressions on the company’s bad service. When the boss also ignoring the problem or workplace criticism, the project will not be improved for better results but giving a nod to the criticism, which is not really understanding or delving into the why and asking how it can be improved on. Creatine EssayUsually, it is not just enough to acknowledge criticism at work; it is better if we explore it further. Ask the other person why he or she has come to this conclusion and what they think might be the cause. Ask for details, even if it is painful to hear, and logically sort through the response. Might there be some truth to the comment? Is there something you could do to improve the situation? Even if you do not think you are at fault, it will not hurt to make concessions and to try to clear the atmosphere. This step also helpful when you cannot tell whether the criticism is constructive or destructive when the language used is unclear. Asking for further information allows you to gain enough information from the critic to determine his/her intent. For instance, when your superior tells you: â€Å"You do not work well with the customers†, you may ask them back: â€Å"Was there a recent situation that concerns you? † The sixth step is to acknowledging the mistake. If the criticism is believe to be accurate, take full responsibility. Stay professional. Do not blame something or someone else and do not make excuses in the hopes that the issues will fade away. If appropriate, offer a diplomatic apology: â€Å"I am sorry that my actions led to that result. It certainly was not my intention. † Once more, if appropriate, ask for suggestions on how to rectify the mistake and how to improve your performance in the future. The next step is taking corrective action. After hear the other person out completely, and listened to any suggestions for improvement, you should communicate your eagerness to improve in the future. If appropriate, describe any actions you will take to counterbalance your previous error. The last step is acknowledging the other person’s motive. Thank the other person for the feedback and make sure to state how valuable you consider it. This demonstrates your ability to use criticism as a way to improve – an essential quality of a leader. In addition, let the other person know that you are open to receiving his or her feedback in the future. By handling a tough situation with grace, it shows maturity and professionalism. Responding to written criticism From time to time, written criticism is given from employer to employee as their job performance review. In fact, some people would prefer to receive written criticism as opposed to direct critiquing. However, it is possible for someone who is receiving a critique to fire off an angry email or text message and create other problems to the persons who criticized them because they feel that their efforts are not being appreciated and angry about it. When they cool down, it is common for those who create problems to feel embarrass and regret for what they have done because it might create tension between them and the person who criticize them, or they may lose their job because of it. There are a few ways to avoid creating problems when receiving written criticism: †¢ Read the critique and put it aside for 24 hours after the first reading. After 24 hours have passed, an individual will be better able to assess the parts of a critique that were upsetting or invalid. †¢ Re-read the criticism as though it was someone else’s work, and decide if the comments are constructive and whether or not they will improve the project. †¢ Wait two days before responding to criticism, unless there is a time limit on the response. It is easy to let anger or defensiveness get in the way of responding positively to a critique, and waiting to respond can eliminate that defensiveness. Part III – Conclusion Workplace criticism occurs when a superior or peer voices an opinion on a project. This opinion can be positive, negative, or a mixture of both. Being able to give and receive workplace criticism is important for many reasons. Primarily it helps to understand how to improve. This includes team work, account management, customer service, quality control and time management. Sometimes criticism is negative and damages the relationship one has within the workplace. Workplace criticism can also be a constructive motivator that improves performance. Receiving criticism for a project or account you worked on is sometimes hard to accept. This is especially true when time and resources have been spent on a particular project, and the project was, from the receiver’s point of view, a great accomplishment. When we receive criticism that we perceive as unfair, we naturally choose to ignoring the problem, denying the problem, and blaming others. Workplace criticism is not about a person only, but about the performance or project. From our research, we find that it is important to separate emotional connection from the criticism and view the criticism as an opportunity for improvement. We realized that the best way to handle criticism at workplace is by change the perception from an interpersonal attack to a chance to overcome an obstacle and be ready to accept the opinion of the work and be ready to talk about improving on the work. Giving criticism should be about continuous improvement. Ask the employee how you can help them improve. This also develops the employee’s self-confidence, and reassures them that management is giving support, not accusing them of mistakes. In conclusion, workplace criticism should always begin with what was done correctly. This should be praise for the project or performance. Then the criticism should focus on what needs to be improved. We can give criticism if we have an answer as to how it can be done better. We also found that criticism is never been a bad thing but it is in how we approach and perceive criticism that it is bad. Criticism , retrieved April 3, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Criticism Mary Ellen Guffey, Bertha Du-Babcock (Asian Edition) Offering Constructive Criticism on the Job. Retrieved on April 3, 2010 from Essentials of Business Communication (Page 303) Tom Pryor, Criticism Gain thats Worth the Pain , retrieved on April 3, 2010 from http://www. icms. net/criticism. htm Tom Pryor, Criticism Gain thats Worth the Pain , retrieved on April 3, 20 10 from http://www. icms. net/criticism. htm By Rita Fae, Workplace Criticism, published April 25, 2007. Retrieved on April 3, 2010 from http://www. lifescript. com/Life/Money/Work/Workplace_Criticism. aspx